Development and Validation of a Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatographic Method for Quantitative Analysis of Hydrochlorothiazide and Clonidine HCl in Combined Dosage Form

Abstract

This study assessed the impact of pollution on the River Ganga at Rishikesh by comparing two sites: Site 1 (Shivpuri), considered a control site, and Site 2 (Pashulok Barrage), which is impacted by pollution from commercial wastewater discharge. Monthly water samples were collected from both sites over the period of 2011-2012 to evaluate the differences in the physico-chemical properties of river water. Key parameters such as temperature, turbidity, transparency, velocity, total solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, and total hardness were measured. Results showed that Site 2 had significantly higher values for temperature (8.14%), turbidity (29.39%), total solids (27.40%), pH (1.40%), free CO2 (11.76%), and total hardness (18.83%) compared to Site 1. Additionally, Site 2 exhibited lower transparency (13.93%) and lower velocity (4.34%), while dissolved oxygen levels were significantly lower (6.20%). Comparisons with WHO and ISI standards revealed that parameters like turbidity, total solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, and total hardness exceeded permissible limits at both sites, with Site 2 showing more significant deviations. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p<0.05) in turbidity, total solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, free CO2, and total hardness between the two sites. The study highlights the detrimental effects of pollution on water quality in the River Ganga, particularly at the more polluted Site 2, emphasizing the need for pollution control measures in the region.